Mother to Son free essay sample

Langston Hughes moving sonnet Mother to Son enables the child, yet in addition the peruser with valuable useful tidbits. Through the able utilization of artistic gadgets, for example, casual language, imagery, analogies, redundancy, just as sharp utilization of configuration, Hughes figures out how to collect up the picture of a mother affectionately, yet solidly, conversing with her child about existence. This sonnet is an exhortation from a mother to child about existence that will be testing and don't consider surrendering it. The subject that this writer passed on in the sonnet is assurance to live while never thinking surrendering despite the fact that the snags are brutal. In addition, it additionally stress with respect to the battle forever that the one will encounter yet at the same time have the solidarity to confront it step by step. It additionally appears about warmth and as inspiration of a mother to child that deals with his child and offers guidance so the child will some way or another be set up to confront the life. We will compose a custom exposition test on Mother to Son or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Langston Hughes’ sonnet, â€Å"Mother to Son† take after to the notable articulation â€Å"let’s have a dad to child chat†. Be that as it may, for this situation, the maxim is adjusted to â€Å"mother to son†. Idyllic gadgets, for example, casual language, imageries, similitudes and redundancy were utilized in this sonnet. This sonnet is composed from the mother’s perspective in the counsel structure so the crowd could feels the glow and congeniality of southern tongue. Perusers will quickly have an impression of a moderately aged ladies battered by life’s battles, with no proper training yet a lot of life encounters to impart to the child. Casual language is astutely used to outwardly depict an honest protective figure that has significant guidance to offer. The persona of the sonnet is an African-American appeared by the lingo utilized with the missing ‘g’, for example, in â€Å"climbin’, turning’ † etceteras. It likewise utilize the word â€Å"ain’t† which is frequently utilized by the African-American. Also, images like â€Å"tacks† is utilized to outline the sharpness and inconvenience of life’s snag. Splinters speak to the fiery torment and the troubles in expelling and defeating this agony throughout everyday life. Indeed, even the analogy of life being contrasted with steps represents the comprehensive tough move throughout everyday life. Conversely, the gem step speaks to lucidity and flawlessness, an actual existence that the mother makes evident was not given to her. In this sonnet, Hughes builds up such a negative broadened representation by having the speaker contrast her existence with a flight of stairs that â€Å"ain’t been no precious stone clear†. At the end of the day, she builds up the representation b portraying what it isn’t instead of what it is. Also, redundancy adds to the symbolism of the sonnet and helps bolster the subject. Indeed, even the rehashed utilization of explicit words adds with the impact of reiteration. Utilizing the word and over and again makes a steady sentiment of ceaseless continuation, thusly fortifying the topic of mental fortitude and assurance, both indispensable elements important to proceed with the step climbing. All in all, Langston Hughes moving sonnet Mother to Son engages the child, yet in addition the peruser with valuable useful tidbits. Through the capable utilization of scholarly gadgets, for example, casual language, imagery, illustrations, and redundancy, Hughes figures out how to make the picture of a mother affectionately, yet solidly, conversing with her child about existence. The counsel is straightforward yet relevant to the beautiful subject: so as to beat the obstacles of life, an individual must have fortitude and assurance. Langston Hughes (February 1, 1902 †May 22, 1967) was an American artist, author, dramatist, short story essayist, and feature writer. Hughes is known for his work during the Harlem Renaissance Robert Lee Frost, seemingly the best American writer of the twentieth century, was conceived in San Francisco, California, on March 26, 1874. Ice said his sonnet The Road Not Taken was precarious extremely dubious. Three things make his sonnet precarious the time span, and the words murmur and contrast. Robert Frost’s â€Å"The Road Not Taken† has been one of the most investigated, cited, anthologized sonnets in American verse. A wide-spread translation asserts that the speaker in the sonnet is advancing independence and non-similarity. A Tricky Poem Ice asserts that he composed this sonnet about his companion Edward Thomas, with whom he had strolled ordinarily in the forested areas close to London. Ice has said that while strolling they would come to various ways and in the wake of picking one, Thomas would consistently worry thinking about what they may have missed by not taking the other way. About the sonnet, Frost affirmed, You must be cautious about that one; its a dubious sonnet precarious. Furthermore, he is, obviously, right. The sonnet has been and keeps on being utilized as an uplifting sonnet, one that to the undiscerning eye is by all accounts empowering independence, not following where others have driven. In any case, a nearby perusing of the sonnet demonstrates something else. It doesn't lecture about decision; it essentially says that decision is unavoidable, yet no one can really tell what your decision will mean until you have lived it. First Stanza †Describes Situation The sonnet comprises of four refrains. In the main verse, the speaker depicts his position. He has been out strolling the forested areas and comes to two streets, and he stands looking as far down every one as should be obvious. He might want to evaluate both, yet questions he could to that, so in this way he keeps on looking down the streets for quite a while attempting to settle on his choice about which street to take. Second Stanza †Decides to Take Less-Traveled Road The speaker had looked down the first â€Å"to where it twisted in the undergrowth,† and in the subsequent refrain, he reports that he chose to take the other way, since it appeared to have less traffic than the first. In any case, at that point he proceeds to state that they really were likewise worn. The second one that he took appears to be less voyage, however as he ponders it, he understands that they were â€Å"really about the equivalent. † Not actually the equivalent however just â€Å"about the equivalent. † Third Stanza †Continues Description of Roads The third refrain proceeds with the pondering about the potential contrasts between the two streets. He had seen that the leaves were new fallen on them both and had not been strolled on, yet of course asserts that possibly he would return and furthermore walk the first at some point, however he questioned he would have the option to, in light of the fact that in life one thing prompts another and time is short. Fourth Stanza †Two Tricky Words The fourth verse holds the way in to the dubiousness of the sonnet: I will be telling this with a moan Somewhere ages and ages consequently: Two streets separated in a wood, and I†I took the one less went by, And that has had a significant effect. The individuals who decipher this sonnet as recommending non-similarity take the word â€Å"difference† to be a positive contrast. Be that as it may, there is nothing in the sonnet that proposes that this distinction flags a positive result. The speaker couldn't offer such data, since he has not experienced the â€Å"difference† yet. The other word that drives perusers off track is the word â€Å"sigh. † By interpreting â€Å"difference† as meaning a positive contrast, they imagine that the moan is one of nostalgic alleviation; nonetheless, a murmur can likewise mean lament. There is the â€Å"oh, dear† sort of moan, yet in addition the â€Å"what a relief† sort of murmur. Which one right? In the event that it is the alleviation moan, at that point the distinction implies the speaker is happy he took the street he did; on the off chance that it is the lament murmur, at that point the distinction would not be acceptable, and the speaker would moan in lament. Be that as it may, the plain reality is that the sonnet doesn't recognize the idea of that murmur. The speaker of the sonnet doesn't have the foggiest idea about the idea of that murmur, since that moan and his assessment of the distinction his decision will make are still later on. It is an axiom that any decision an individual makes is going to make â€Å"all the difference† in how ones future turns out. Cautious Readers Won’t Be Tricked So Frost was totally right; his sonnet is trickyâ€very dubious. In this sonnet, it is imperative to be cautious with the time period. At the point when the speaker says he will report soon how his street decision turned out, he plainly expresses that he can't relegate significance to â€Å"sigh† and â€Å"difference† yet, in light of the fact that he can't realize how his decision will influence his future, until after he has lived it. I think this tune is a statement of his disappointment with the manner in which he lives. He is worn out on letting society, culture or the hive drive his life. Presently, hes assuming control over the wheel. Regardless of whether it implies not being acknowledged by the hive or giving up an agreeable way of life, he needs to be the one in charge of his life. Lead artist Brandon Boyd: The verse is essentially about dread, about being driven for your entire life by it and settling on choices from dread. Its about envisioning what life would resemble in the event that you didnt live it that way.

Personal statement for transferring to UW Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

For moving to UW - Personal Statement Example I have consistently been interested by patterns in the structure business, from the old plans to the contemporary urban engineering; present day urban communities are certainly lovely, especially in the glare of city lights and stars around evening time, because of the eminent visual impression of milestone high rises. Since the time I was a kid, viewing my father work in a neighborhood development firm as a draftsman caused me to build up a specific enthusiasm for the calling; besides, growing up and encountering the excellence of engineering plans, I realized I must be a modeler simply like my dad. My family migrated to the US from South Korea in late 2012, which inferred that I could no longer keep concentrating in my past school in my nation; following this turn of events, I ceased my examinations to go with my family in the US. I chose to enjoy an instructive reprieve to pull together on my vocation objectives while permitting my family to settle and straighten out to the US society, I have been out of school for eighteen months now, and I am prepared to continue my investigations. I plan to consider Geography as my major since I trust it will establish a solid framework for my later profession desire as an engineer. I picked Geography as my major since it will open me to a tremendous assemblage of information in the fields of the physical, constructed and human situations; this information will give a solid establishment whereupon my later profession as an engineer will be fabricated in the long run. The UW will be deliberately significant in accomplishing both my professio n and individual objectives from numerous points of view; the UW will provide food for my vocation objectives through its tranquil condition, assets and a devoted personnel that will outfit me with the pertinent information and abilities that will suit my future vocation desire. Other than that, the UW will likewise provide food for my self-improvement and social needs since it will offer me satisfactory chances to

Market Research Techniques Of Resmarket †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Qusetion: Examine about the Market Research Techniques Of Resmarket Pty. Answer: Presentation The reception of advance advances will help ResMarket Pty in understanding the market in an effective way with the goal that the items and administrations of the organization can be advertised in a superior manner. The essential difficulties for the organization in the advanced world is to comprehend the gracefully chain in a superior manner with the goal that the organization can control themselves in winning better benefits. The utilization of innovation in advertising helps the organization in being multiplied in themarketing conditions that are serious in nature. The vast majority of the businesses and segments have demonstrated that because of the impact of globalization, the serious condition has expanded and with the assistance of advance innovations, the exploration of the market should be possible in a superior manner (Armstrong et al. 2015). Innovative promoting The advances in the innovation in the inside and the outer situations of the business has helped ResMarket Pty in portioning the market in an effective way so the objective market can be distinguished, which will help in selling of the items and the administrations. The directors of the organization can examine the difficulties and the dangers, which may prompt the disappointment of the items and recognizes the perils that might be available with the opposition from the adversary ventures (Babin and Zikmund 2015). The development is done on a steady way with the goal that it helps in improving the procedures that are available in advertising, which thus will help in conveying better advantages and fulfillment to the clients. The utilization of the trend setting innovations will help in settling on better choices with the goal that the items can be fruitful in the market. The utilization of better advances will help the organization in putting away the information in a proficient way so they can have an intelligent meeting with the buyers in regards to the items and administrations. By utilizing innovation, the organizations increment their degree of adaptability, which helps in pulling in the clients and react to their requests in a productive manner (Johnston and Marshall 2016). Mechanical techniques for firms The utilization of electronic during the time spent promoting helps in executing the advantages and fulfillment of the clients with the goal that it helps the organizations in understanding the requests in the market. The utilization of advancements help the organizations in increasing an upper hand over different firms as for the large scale conditions that are available in the commercial center. The utilization of these advancements helps the associations in being perceived on a universal premise, which will help them in drawing in worldwide customers too. The advances in the advances have end up being proficient and viable for the association during the time spent advertising because of numerous reasons (Ross 2016). Market division dependent on innovation The utilization of web based business by the associations has helped ResMarket Pty in dividing the market so they can have a serious situation in the market. With the utilization of advances by the associations, they can make a superior objective market so that themarketing blend can be participative and dynamic, as the criticisms from the clients will help in structuring the items in a superior way. The utilization of programming models that are geo-segment in nature will help the organization in breaking down and mapping the clients inside a specific commercial center so the items can be sold in a superior manner (Sekaran and Bougie 2016). This will support the organization, as they will get an opportunity of improving the involvement in regard to the client care. The utilization of the advances in innovation will help the associations in distinguishing the particular objective markets that will be advantage from the items and administrations. E-special exercises in blend showcasing The special costs help the advertisers in understanding their exhibitions, which will help in examining the desires that will help in the improvement of the associations. The utilization of innovation helps in impacting the greater part of the techniques of advertising, which are separated mostly between the objectives and procedures of the organization alongside the projects and the activity designs that will be taken up the organization (Laudon and Laudon 2016). The utilization of the web helps in upgrading and coordinating the limited time blend dependent on which the organization will guarantee its endurance in the market. The effect of innovation will help in controlling and structuring the components in the promoting blend with the goal that it will be useful for the item at different phases of its life cycle. A case of this would be advancements and individual selling techniques for an item at the declining phase of the existence cycle with the goal that the deals of the item can be pushed in a superior manner in the market. The utilization of innovation will help in expanding the intuitiveness of these specific items so the providers and the clients can without much of a stretch comprehend the business messages (Xiang, Magnini and Fesenmaier 2015). Statistical surveying driven by innovation The utilization of the complex advances in the cutting edge world that is web helps in improving the assortment of data so the organization can profit through the examination in a productive way. One of the most effective research instruments for ResMarket Pty is to analyze the website page of the contenders so the organization can increase an upper hand as for the items and administrations that are being offered by the opponent organization. The web based shopping entryways permit the clients in review different items and administrations under various classes with the goal that they can have a wide assortment of choices to browse the contributions of the organization (Strauss 2016). End In this way, it tends to be presumed that the utilization of mechanical advances makes a positive effect on the promoting research methods by the organization with the goal that they can advertise the items and administrations in a superior manner towards the clients. By proficient utilization of the advancements, the organization are additionally in a superior situation to increase upper hands, as they get the opportunity to survey the items and the administrations that are being offered by the opponent organization. References Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M. also, Brennan, R., 2015.Marketing: a presentation. Pearson Education. Babin, B.J. also, Zikmund, W.G., 2015.Exploring showcasing research. Cengage Learning. Johnston, M.W. also, Marshall, G.W., 2016.Sales power the executives: Leadership, advancement, innovation. Routledge. Laudon, K.C. furthermore, Laudon, J.P., 2016.Management data framework. Pearson Education India. Ross, D.F., 2016.Introduction to e-flexibly chain the executives: drawing in innovation to assemble advertise winning business organizations. CRC Press. Sekaran, U. also, Bougie, R., 2016.Research strategies for business: An ability building approach. John Wiley Sons. Strauss, J., 2016.E-showcasing. Routledge. Xiang, Z., Magnini, V.P. what's more, Fesenmaier, D.R., 2015. Data innovation and customer conduct in movement and the travel industry: Insights from movement arranging utilizing the internet.Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services,22, pp.244-249.

Ibn Battuta in China Essay Example for Free

Ibn Battuta in China Essay When most men spread separation with on leg on each side of a voyaging creature, 75,000 miles of movement in a range of 30 years is an astonishing accomplishment. When requested to name this recorded person who secured such huge span during the medieval period, most will probably direct a credit toward Marco Polo who is the notable explorer of his time in Hakooki. com. Be that as it may, by one way or another, someone else who has voyage longer and sooner than Marco Polo has really secured this separation and visited 44 nations all through the world. Ibn Battuta’s voyages have nearly been appointed into the blankness if the world kept seeing history through the western view. Marco Polo, being European is far known than Ibn Battuta. Indeed, even his visit to China is basically obscure in contrast with comparable books of movement composed by Marco Polo notwithstanding the way that even right up 'til the present time there remains waiting, uncertain inquiries concerning whether Marco Polo really visited China. In any case, if the legend sounds sufficiently intriguing, it will inevitably be accounted for as reality. On account of Marco Polo, the man has become a legendary society saint and when an individual rises to such grand statures in the public’s eye, analysis, examination and a solid portion of reality will as a rule fall by the wayside. Marco Polo’s voyages will at present stay celebrated paying little heed to the contention that encompasses his excursions and the similarly long discussion among researchers. It will be the objective of this paper to move insightful and recorded bearings and look to reveal insight into the subject by contrasting Ibn Battuta with Marco Polo’s travel in China. It isn't unprecedented for powerful individuals from history to be apparently deleted from the archived order. In the United States, history is chronicled from a western point of view with Western Europe being introduced as the focal point of the world. All things considered, people from different societies and parts of the world are frequently seen in a fringe way and not furnished with a similar profundity of verifiable inclusion. Marco Polo was a saint whose birth starting points are in the Western World. Along these lines, his accomplishments are given extraordinary validity of respect in content. On account of Battuta, a Moroccan by drop, his accomplishments won't be disregarded in spite of going through 17 years in China in contrast with Marco Polo’s travel which could have separated itself in numerous territories, for example, degree of land and trustworthiness. So as to comprehend crafted by Ibn Battuta, one must look at his initial true to life years to as to put his life’s work into a specific setting. Muhammed ibn Abdullah ibn Battuta or Ibn Battuta was conceived in Tangier, Morocco in a Muslim family in 1304 and began his movements when he was 20 years of age and kept going very nearly 30 years of his life as per Dunn (2004, 14). Battuta as per Francis in outcome has a place with the strict high society of the Mohammedan people group and got regular strict and academic training from scholars (1997:2). His movements began in 1325 when Ibn went on a journey to Mecca that proceeded until he had shrouded 75,000 miles in Kegan (1929:1). He had halted on most Muslim urban areas along his course and gave recognition to blessed destinations in Damascus, Syria, Hebron, Jerusalem and Bethlehem despite numerous impediments he met en route as related in Monteil (1930:30).

Free sample - P3 DB. translation missing

P3 DB. P3 DBThe fuse of the bill of rights alludes to the procedure by which the preeminent court has applied areas of the Bill of Rights of U.S. to the states (Breyer, 2005). Prior to this fuse, the bill of rights applied distinctly to the national government. The fuse was such that the states and nearby specialists presently comply with the consolidated insurances and denials. This is civility of the fair treatment statement of the fourteenth amendment (Breyer, 2005). A few insurances accessible to criminal wrongdoers through the bill of rights have not been consolidated so states are not required to tail them. These incorporate the privilege to arraignment by an excellent jury (Madison, 2008). This is very apparent since the constitutions of numerous states accommodate arraignment by fantastic jury in spite of the bill of rights. This particularly happens when the case included is a genuine wrongdoing (Madison, 2008). The privilege to jury preliminary in common cases has likewise not been consolidated. This is a correct that permits juries to look for realities concerning the case while the assurance of the case is left to be finished by the appointed authority (Madison, 2008). The jury fundamentally tunes in to the case, assesses the proof introduced before it to discover realities and afterward settles on a choice adhering to the standards administering them just as the law. In conclusion, arrangements for assurances against â€Å"excessiveâ⠂¬  bail and â€Å"excessive† fines have not been consolidated and along these lines not saw by the states (Madison, 2008). Considerable law centers around the substance of the issue. Basically, it characterizes how realities for the situation should be dealt with and how the wrongdoing is to be charged (Kelvin, 2004). Meaningful securities look to hold the individual’s power to have specific things despite the fact that the goal of the administration might be in actuality. Considerable fair treatment necessitates that the police should make criminal litigants mindful of their privileges before any cross examination is made (Kelvin, 2004). For example, the respondent ought to be educated regarding his/her entitlement to stay quiet as any data given would be utilized as proof against him/her. This privilege is accommodated in the fourth amendment (Kelvin, 2004). Procedural law then again centers around the procedure that the case will follow. It centers around how procedures to the extent the requirement of considerable law will happen (White, 2000). This procedure guarantees reasonable organization of the law so as to kill self-assertive just as nonsensical choices. Procedural rights underline on decency subsequently the legislature can legitimately remove opportunity , life or property of an individual if the law says so be done (White, 2000). Procedural assurance in this manner gives respondents the option to be educated enough of the specific charges or procedures, the option to be heard as these procedures are completed, and the privilege to an unbiased judgment from anyway is taking care of the case (White, 2000). More or less in this manner, considerable law is worried about the creation, definitions and the guideline of rights while procedural law is worried about the authorization of these rights just as review if the rights are abused (Kelvin, 2004). Securities which are meaningful include: the right to speak freely of discourse, and right to security while procedural insurances include: the privilege to sufficient notification of a claim, the option to be available as declaration is given, just as the option to have a lawyer (Kelvin, 2004). References Breyer, S. (2005). Dynamic Liberty: Interpreting Our Democratic Constitution. New York: Knopf. Kelvin, R. (2004). Scalia Dissents: Writings of the Supreme Court's Wittiest, Most Outspoken Justice. Washington: Regnery Madison, A. (2008). A Dummies Guide to Understanding the Fourteenth Amendment . New York: Routledge. White, G. (2000). The Constitution and the New Deal. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

How Speed Reading Will Help You Get More Things Done

How Speed Reading Will Help You Get More Things Done “You will get little or nothing from the printed page if you bring it nothing but your eye.” ? Walter B. Pitkin, Art of Rapid Reading © Shutterstock.com | conradoThis article will give you insights on speed reading. It includes: 1) introduction to speed reading, 2) methods of speed reading, 3) how to succeed in speed reading, 4) speed reading and comprehension, 5) tools and software available for improving speed reading skills, and 6) realistic view of speed reading.INTRODUCTION TO SPEED READINGSpeed reading is the ability to increase the rate at which an individual reads by using techniques and tools such as apps, software, and programs. It has been observed that with proper training an individual can enhance the speed at which he/she reads with full comprehension. A school teacher and researcher Evelyn Wood was the first person to start teaching methods to increase reading speed. Evelyn Wood’s Reading Dynamics was launched as the first technique to enhance reading speed. It involves training yourself to read several words and understand them at a glance, and to develop the capacity to read words not only hori zontally but also vertically.What is Speed ReadingThe ability to read faster is a very important skill, especially for people who need to read a large amount of text every day, such as; students, editors, reading enthusiasts, etc. It allows the reader to grasp what is being read much faster and helps to cut down the time spent on reading and understanding the text. With speed reading, you can train yourself to stop vocalizing the words in your mind as you read, increase your comprehension and concentrate on what you are reading.Speed reading involves the following skills:Scanning /seeing: This is the most important skill of speed reading. This involves learning to search for relevant words in the text and not reading every single word of a sentence.Reading: Read only the relevant sentence in a paragraph, especially if you are familiar with the topic. Stop vocalizing as you are reading. Vocalizing slows you down.Comprehending: Reading involves comprehending and with speed reading you r ability to comprehend is greatly enhanced as you read and comprehend several words at a time.Concentrating: Concentration is the key to speed reading. It involves sustained concentration as you are doing several things at the same time, like seeing the words, looking for keywords, understanding the ideas contained in the text, etc.Why it is Important to Learn Speed ReadingThe most important reason to learn speed reading is because it helps you to read a lot more than you would be able to read normally. The average reading speed is supposed to be between 200 to 400 words per minute, with speed reading this capacity could be doubled in most cases to up to 600 words per minute with full comprehension. It saves time and improves comprehension as they are better able to grasp arguments and concepts presented in a piece of writing. This empowers you in your life and career. It enhances the ability to engage socially, as a speed reader reads a lot more than an average reader, is up to da te on the news and views and has a lot more to add to a conversation. It helps with concentration and improves the memory as well as instills confidence and adds to your knowledge. It improves problem-solving skills, encourages innovation and helps to develop leadership qualities.In short, it helps you in all spheres of your life, there is little in your life that is not touched by it. Speed reading can change your life and create opportunities for you.METHODS OF SPEED READINGFor some of us reading is an inevitable part of life and sometimes it can be overwhelming. Speed reading can help you keep up with your reading tasks easily if you learn to do it properly. While reading, most people look at a word or a group of words and register it into their mind, this is called fixation, before moving on to the next word, this is called saccade, till they come to the end of the sentence or paragraph and then they pause to comprehend what they have just read. Fixation, saccade, and comprehens ion are time-consuming but, with training in speed reading, you can greatly enhance your reading capacity. This is done by training your mind to reduce the amount of time needed for fixation, training your eye saccade faster, and forcing your mind to increase its ability to comprehend.The fastest readers use methods that basically involve looking for keywords that contain the essence of a writing. The keywords may be scattered all over a paragraph, so they create a scatter pattern that conveys the meaning of the text to the reader. The average eye span is about 3 â€" 5 words both horizontally and vertically. As soon as the eye sees a word the brain starts the process of comprehending. Our brain’s capacity to fill in the details is great and this is what speed reading training teaches you to do, to pick out the most important parts and let the mind fill in the gaps for full comprehension.When you begin training, one of the first thing you have to train yourself to do is to break th e old habits of reading and inculcate new ones. This is normally done through training to avoid subvocalization, which is reading each word aloud in your mind. This is the way we are all taught to read while growing up. It is a useful skill if you wish to memorize or remember concepts but reduces your reading speed. So break the habit. Other habits that you may need to break are reading word for word, going back to a word you have already read, lack of concentration, and reading linearly.There are methods or techniques that can help you to break the old habits and set you up on the path of speed reading. These include:Skimming: This helps to familiarize you with the text and get a gist of its content. It involves scanning the text, highlighting what you deem as important. You do not need to read each word, just quickly go over the text stopping your eye only on the highlighted portions or graphics. This trains your eye to search for relevant parts and to skip over parts that are not important. This method of reading increases your speed, but it doesn’t help you to remember the details of the text. It is a method that is good for reading text or concepts with which you are already familiar.Meta guiding: This is the method that was discovered by Evelyn Wood to improve reading speed. This technique involves using a visual guide or a pointer to enhance focus and assist eye movement. The simplest guide is your hand or figure with which you can trace the words as you read them. It guides your eyes effectively to the place where you are in the text and helps to increase reading speed. It is not essential that you have to use a linear movement to guide your eyes, any movement acts as a motion guide and helps you to focus. Other forms of meta guides could be a pen, pencil or a pacer. The pacer is a piece of paper or cardboard that can help guide your vision and also cover the words you have already read to reduce distraction and rereading.Rapid Serial Visual Presenta tion: It is more popularly referred to as RSVP, is quickly going through a text to assess its content and value to you, as you do when riffling through a book that you may find of interest in a library or a magazine in a bookstore. It involves going through a text without any detectable pause. Typically, there is a pause of 10 milliseconds or less, between words or images. RSVP is used in many apps to train the eye to read quickly and to stop regression. It also helps in eliminating subvocalization and enhances concentration. This is the method that is most conducive for electronic media and is used by many of the speed reading apps available on the internet.SQ3R: This method of speed reading that is highly conducive for textbook reading for students. It is a step wise method that teaches you the skills of reading and understand fast. The method involves five distinct steps which are:Survey: This involves looking over the text to see what it is about, how it is structured, pay atten tion to the headings and subheading, if there are any images charts or other graphical elements examine them and the captions underneath. Go over the summary, if there is one available, and read the introduction and conclusion of the text.Question: This step requires that you form questions about the text in your mind while you are surveying it. Do this especially with ideas or concepts that you require exploring within the text. Read all the questions that accompany the text, ask yourself what you know about the subject and what the lecturer said about it in class.Read: Read the text. While reading try finding answers to the questions that you had in the previous step. Answer the questions that accompany the text. When you come to a graphic, study it carefully and read the caption again. Notice the formatting of the text, pay attention to the bold, underlined or italicized text. Reduce your speed for difficult areas, and reread if there is something that is not clear. Read one sect ion at a time.Recite: Once you have read a section, recite it. Try in your own words, and answer your own questions. Take notes and write them down, highlight parts of the text that you think are important.Review: Take another survey of the text, and look over your answers, notes, etc.The overall reading speed in enhanced by survey and question parts of this strategy. If there is a doubt or confusion, highlighting helps to draw your attention to it. Other methods that have been developed based on this method are PQRST and KWL table.HOW TO SUCCEED IN SPEED READINGThe clue to learning any skill is practice, with speed reading too, you need to practice in order to succeed. The more you practice, the better you get and the faster you can read. When you first begin speed reading, use simple text or one that you are familiar with to practice your skills. Look for the text that are appropriate for speed reading, these could include legal reports, white papers, emails, etc. Apply the skills and techniques discussed earlier in the article to your reading material, scan, skim, use a pointer and highlight what is important. Before you begin speed reading, it would be a good idea to measure your current reading speed so you can mark your progress.Reading Warm-Ups: Before you start speed reading it is advisable to read something light, so you are prepared.Remove any distractions: Find a quiet area where you will not be disturbed while you read.Scanning the text: Scan the text using the techniques discussed earlier.Reading the beginning and end of the paragraphs: Read the first sentence and the last sentence of the text to get the gist of it.Prevent Subvocalization: Do not speak the words in your mind as you read.Use a pointer: Use something to guide your eyes.No multitasking: Do not try to do anything else while you are reading, this will reduce your speed. Focus on your reading alone.Use a Speed reading aid or take a class: It is a good idea to use an aid that will help y ou train yourself in speed reading.Avoid highlighting: Some experts feel that you should not highlight the text as it encourages reading the same text twice and not remembering or understanding it at all.Set a time of the day: Read at one particular time each day. This will encourage you to form a routine and prepare you for speed reading.Getting rid of bad reading habits: Get rid of all the bad reading habits as discussed earlier.Eye Movement skills: Learn to train your eyes to make shorter and fewer eye stops while reading. Learn peripheral reading skills.Paced Reading: Set a time goal for yourself to finish reading a book or an assignment. Try and keep to your schedule as much as possible.Take breaks: If you have long hours of reading to do, make sure you take frequent breaks in between; for example, take a five-minute break every hour or so.Eye Training Tools: Play games that help to train your eyes in moving more efficiently. Here is a good resource for eye training games.SPEED READING AND COMPREHENSIONWhen normally reading at the average pace of between 200 â€" 400 words, our comprehension of the text is almost 100%. While speed reading at twice or even thrice the average speed, it has been argued that comprehension of the text is compromised. Though this may be true to some extent, especially with people who have recently learned the techniques, comprehension is seen to improve over time. It takes time and practice to improve comprehension. For simple text, it is possible to have a higher comprehension, but when it comes to complex text or unfamiliar ideas and concepts, comprehension is seriously compromised when reading at speeds higher than 500 words per minute. Getting rid of techniques like subvocalization also impacts comprehension of complex text. What you are reading also has an impact, it is easier to speed read and comprehend a novel as compared to a course book, which requires greater focus and concentration while reading. While speed reading, one may take in a lot of information but the processing capacity of the brain is limited and it may not be able to deal with all the information that is being thrown at it, and hence comprehension suffers.Improving Comprehension While Speed ReadingTo attain better comprehension while speed reading, it is important that you are alert, aware and your brain is active. So a good rest, some food and perhaps a dose of caffeine is what you would need to understand fully what you are reading. This is why a lot of speed reading gurus recommend practicing speed reading early in the morning. Another technique is to visualize the information from the text you are reading. This helps the brain to form pictures that it can remember better than texts, as a large portion of the brain is dedicated to sorting visual information, so the brain processes visuals faster than texts. The most important part is practice, the more you practice, the better your comprehension gets. Over time, you may be able to achieve 100% comprehension over speeds higher than 500 words.TOOLS AND SOFTWARE AVAILABLE FOR IMPROVING SPEED READING SKILLSIf you wish to increase your reading skills and speed, then you do not need to look far. There are hundreds of tools and apps available to you on the internet. Though some of you may be skeptical about the capability of an app teaching you speed reading, these apps do help you to train your eye and brain to process words and focus on important keywords in a text, thus improving your overall reading speed. Most of these apps use the same or similar techniques that are used by brick and mortar establishments that teach speed reading skills. A lot of the apps use the RSVP technique where they display words in quick succession. You may be able to adjust the number of words displayed in some of these apps.There are also several softwares available for speed reading. These softwares are designed for various age levels starting from kindergarten and going up to col lege level. They offer beginner, intermediate and advanced stages.Best speed reading appsIf you have a smart device, then training yourself to speed reading is as easy as downloading and installing an app on your mobile. Once you have installed it, you can use it to train yourself at your convenience and in your own time. There are hundreds of apps available on the net for the three main platforms of iOS, Android, and Windows. Below is a list of some of the best apps available at present.Spreeder: This app is a part of the 7Speeed Reading software. It is available for all platforms and is free. You can paste your own text and set your own pace. You can play, pause and restart the app.Rapid Reader (iOS): This is an app that is a part of Spritz and allows users to download web content and speed read it on their smart devices. This app uses RSVP technique. It has 40-speed settings that range between 250 â€" 1000 words per minute.QuickReader (iOS): This is an e-reader and a speed reader combined into one powerful app. It allows you to download and read e-books, import articles, webpages, etc. it incorporates speed reading techniques to improve your speed over time. It has reading tests and allows practice sessions. There are 6 versions to choose from. QuickReader Lite is the free version.Velocity (iOS): This is a paid app and cost $2.99. It supports multiple languages and uses RSVP technique. It can grab text from a variety of internet sources.Syllable (iOS): This is a paid app and costs $2.99. It has many of the same features as Velocity.ReadQuick (iOS): Priced at $9.99, ReadQuick uses the RSVP technique to teach speed reading. The speed can be configured, there is a feature that allows you to track your progress, can integrate your reading list so you can read it easily.OutRead (iOS): Another app for the iOS platform. Teaches you speed reading by using the meta guide technique. It highlights the word in the text thus helping to guide your eye. It can integrate r eading material from other software. It is priced at $4.99 in the app store.Reading Trainer: This is a multi-platform app and is available for Android, iPad, iPhone as well as Windows Phone. It is priced between $2.49 $4.99 depending upon the platform. This app has multi-language support and several built-in exercises to improve reading speed.A Faster Reader (Android): This is a free app for Android platform. It uses the RSVP method to enhance reading and comprehension skills.Eyercize: This is an app that uses the meta guide process to train you to speed read. You can alter the speed from 100 to a whopping 5000 words per minute. The words can be displayed as single words or as groups of words adjustable from 1 â€" 17words per group.Spritz: This is also a RSVP reader for Android. You can adjust the speed at which the words are displayed. The range is from 100 wpm to 750 wpm.Fastr: This is an app for iOS platform and devices. It is available for $2.99 on the iTunes app store. It allo ws you to read e-books and is similar to RapidReading.REALISTIC VIEW OF SPEED READINGIt is important to have a realistic view of the speed you can reach while comprehending all that you are reading. According to this Video, by Tomas Libas, the maximum speed with full comprehension cannot reach more than 500 â€" 600-word range. The claims that some apps and software make of reading thousands of words per minutes are over the top and cannot be achieved by ordinary people. They are only for exceptional readers, most of whom are natural speed readers. Most of the apps that claim to train you to read up to 600 words a minute, can only reach the speeds with average readers in drills where there is no eye movement involved as the words appear at the same place on the screen. This gives the impression of reading very quickly, but this is not the way people normally read. The more realistic view is that you can, at the most, double your reading speed and that too after a lot of practices. If you are an average reader with a speed of about 300 words per minute, you can expect to enhance your speed to say about 400 â€" 500 with enough training.Most of the apps and exercises do not take into account the fact that the reading speed varies from page to page, or one paragraph to another. Another point to consider is that subvocalization is unavoidable. Even the fastest readers do it albeit at a much faster pace than normal readers. It is almost impossible to understand and comprehend what is being read if subvocalization is eliminated. In most cases, speed reading has been found to be of no help, especially if the text is unfamiliar, contains complex ideas or puts forth new concepts.

Best college alumni networks

New Ranking: The Best Alumni Networks by: Jeff Schmitt on June 01, 2015 | 0 Comments Comments 16,730 Views June 1, 2015Some day, you’re going to need a favor. Take finding an internship or job, for example. Your career center or instructors can provide some direction. To get the offer, you’ll need people who can feed you inside information and advocate for you. Chances are, these people are strangers to you now.So how do you find these people? You can introduce yourself through LinkedIn for starters. And you’ll always find those who’ll spend time with a sincere college student. But people often go out of their way to help those with whom they share a connection. For many, there are few stronger bonds than those between graduate and alma mater.And it’s a bond you can use to build relationships. Chances are, you’ve lived in the same dorms, taken the same classes, eaten at the same dives, and participated in the same traditions, clubs, and events. These are people who’ve been in your shoes – and can see themselves in you. And they are the ones who are most apt to open doors for you.WHAT CONSTITUTES A STRONG ALUMNI NETWORK?And that begs a question: Where are the best schools for alumni networking? Well, that’s not easy to measure. Networking, by its nature, encompasses thousands of interpersonal acts including those of generosity. It comes in different forms – from mentoring to introductions. What’s more, networking often spans careers, with alumni often helping each other find jobs, gain promotions, and land business over the years.That said, some alumni networks are more likely to support fellow graduates than others. That’s the underlying theme behind the â€Å"50 Most Powerful Alumni Networks† rankings published by Best College Values, a website that arms prospective students with tuition data, along with advice on managing finances, choosing the right school and ma jor, and getting the most from their college investment.Here’s how the alumni network ranking works. Best College Values created a formula that included variables such as alumni giving, employment rates, and student ratings of alumni network helpfulness. The ranking also harnessed LinkedIn profiles to identify those alumni who held management positions. That said, Best College Values doesn’t share the weight that each variable carries – nor does it disclose school-specific data except for percentages of alumni giving and alumni in management roles. Even more, it lumps undergraduate and advanced-degree holders together. And it doesn’t break alumni out by degree (i.e. business or engineering), either.STANFORD GRADS RANKED AS THE BEST NETWORKOverall, Stanford University possessed the strongest alumni network, according to Best College Values. Their overall score – 30.53 – was nearly double that of the 50th-ranked program (Michigan State at 17.7 0). More than a third of Stanford alumni hold management positions and have made donations back to the school (though the consistency and amount of giving are not factored in by Best College Values).According to U.S. News World Report, Stanford University is ranked fourth among undergraduate programs in the U.S. It maintains an $18.6 billion endowment and its alumni range from Peter Thiel to Chelsea Clinton. The drawbacks for Stanford? Well, aside from not having an undergraduate business program, barely 6% of applicants are ever accepted. Tuition can be pricey (wrap your head around roughly $45,000 for tuition and another $14,000 for room and board†¦per year). What’s more, the school enrolls just 15,887 students – fewer than a third of many major state schools. The quality is certainly there, but quantity is another matter altogether.Harvard College ranks just a hair below Stanford on the Best College Values list, with a slightly higher percentage of alumni givi ng and a slightly lower percentage of alumni in the management ranks. Along with a high-powered network, Harvard graduates also bear less debt than many, with nearly 63% receiving need-based aid and only 26% carrying debt after graduation ($12,560 on average).Rounding out the top five schools for alumni networking are Columbia University, Dartmouth College, and the University of Notre Dame.Last year, Notre Dame was ranked as the top undergraduate business program by U.S. News and the third-best undergraduate business program by PoetsQuants. However, there were several other highly-ranked business programs tied to larger universities with powerful networks. They include: Cornell University (ranked sixth for its alumni network), the University of Pennsylvania (13th), Georgetown University (14th), University of California-Berkeley (15th), University of North Carolina (16th), University of Michigan (17th), University of Virginia (18th), Emory University (19th), University of Chicago (20 th), University of Texas (21st), and New York University (25th).DARTMOUTH AMONG BEST FOR BOTH ALUMNI GIVING AND MANAGEMENT REPRESENTATIONNotre Dame Mendoza College of BusinessBest College Values’ data also lends some insight into the engagement and influence of alumni. For example, alumni giving is one reflection of how satisfied graduates are with their alma mater. Logically, schools with higher gift participation are more likely to have alumni who’ll lend a hand to current students and graduates. In this category, Princeton tops the list, with 60% of alumni donating back to their alma mater. Princeton is followed by Dartmouth College (49%) and the University of Notre Dame (44%). Conversely, the University of Pennsylvania and Boston University graduated the stingiest alums with just 8% giving money. George Washington University (9%), New York University (9%) and the University of Illinois (10%) followed a similar pattern.By the same token, alumni of those schools wher e a higher percentage of graduates work in management are in a better position to sway hiring decisions. If you’re seeking an alumni network with strong representation in management, Dartmouth is the place to be. Nearly 40% of their graduates hold management roles, according to Best Value Colleges. Dartmouth is closely followed by Northwestern University (38%), and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (37%). Those schools that produced the lowest percentage of alumni in management include Texas AM University (17%) and the University of Alabama (20%).To see if your school made the top 50, check out the ranking on the next two pages. DON’T MISS:   THE BEST GRADUATE BUSINESS SCHOOL ALUMNI NETWORKS Page 1 of 3123 »

Anne A Great Deal Of Personal Growth - 834 Words

Anne’s accomplishments in the movement are very indirect. Throughout the entire story Anne shows us a great deal of personal growth. Anne overcame some very tough challenges in the book Coming of Age in Mississippi leading her to become a very strong and independent activist. Although Anne’s efforts did not greatly impact the movement directly, they did have a great impact on her personal growth. Anne dedicated her life after college to being an activist, this helped her grow in many different ways. This essay will talk about how Anne’s efforts affected both the movement and Anne personally. Throughout the book Anne was begging for others approval. â€Å"It no longer seemed important to prove anything. I had found something outside myself that gave meaning to my life.† (288), Anne states. Anne was having a tough time deciding what she wanted to do with her life after college. She decided that she was going to dedicate herself to being a full-time activist. After Anne graduated, she was unemployed but she didn’t seem to mind; she would rather spend her time participating in the movement. Even though Anne was just another activist, she was proving to herself that though her efforts may not have a huge impact on the movement; her efforts had an impact on herself, proving that she could be independent. Anne feels accepted while participating in the movement. She fits in better with the other activists than she does with her own family. After being reunited with her family in NewShow MoreRelatedThe Confessional Style Of Poetry1009 Words   |  5 Pagestrying to portray. The confessional style of poetry is one that allows the poet to speak freely; it is personal and allows the author to share emotions, thoughts, and feelings. Within the last decade the confessional style of poetry has changed because of the growth of certain social issues. It has become a way for poets to express their feelings towards topics like these or describe their personal experiences in a poetic way. Writing in the confessional style of poetry has allowed poets to have moreRead MoreThe Military Revolution1574 Words   |  7 Pagesoutcome of changes in the virtuosity of war between 1560 and 1660. The changes crucially influenced campaigning and combat in Europe during the late 17th and early 18th centuries. The most influential alterations included transformation in weapons, growth in the army size, change in tactics and organization, and centralization of the states’ bureaucracies. 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Those key aspects are communication, building lasting relationships, engaging students effectively in the learning process, and encouraging and appreciating diversityRead MoreWgu Jdt2 Task 24523 Words   |  19 Pages In the next two fiscal years, the symphony’s problem isn’t looking better with the musicians set to get a 12.9% increase for the 02-03 fiscal year and another 6.8% for the 03-04 fiscal year. In terms of leadership, Keith Lockhart represents a great talent that contributes directly to the success of the symphony. His successes are well documented: he served as the conductor of the Boston Pops Orchestra, he has conducted over 600 concerts, and created 50 television shows, including some for PBSRead MoreLgbtq Youth And Its Impact On The Community Essay1696 Words   |  7 Pagesa positive identity while going the process of coming out. To assist LGBTQ youth with the decision of coming out, school therapists must create an environment that is conducive to trust, provide resources that will educate and foster empathy, and great care must be given to the type of therapy. School psychologists must help create and foster an environment that educates administrators, teachers, and non LGBT students. Many lesbian, gay, bi-sexual, and transgender youth do not feel safe in schoolRead MoreSelf Interpretive Essay2491 Words   |  10 PagesAnne Riley Laid Off: One of the most interesting topics covered in class for me was that of emotions and moods. I have a hard time understanding when and how to express my emotions. This has been a real problem for me in all of my relationships, both professional and personal. Though I have never been laid off I feel I relate to the case of Anne Riley to some degree. Anne was able to better understand and recognize her emotions and in the long run benefited from that knowledge. 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What Is Apartheid - 619 Words

What is apartheid? The word apartheid means †to keep apart† in Afrikaan, which is the language, that most of the white people in South Africa speaks. Apartheid is a racist ideology, and the goal is to separate the different races, and to give the white people all the power in the society. The apartheid ideology was developed in South Africa for hundreds of years ago, but it wasn’t a part of politics before 1948. In apartheid, you split the population into four groups. The black The colored The white The Asian. And it is your appearance that decides which group you belong to. Where did it exist? Apartheid existed in South Africa from 1948-1994. And in that period, the white people had better conditions than the black, the†¦show more content†¦In prison, he began to negotiate with the apartheid regime. And it was also the negotiations that got him released from prison in 1990, and in 1991 he was elected as the president of ANC. The election in 1994 was the first election ever, where Mandela and the rest of the black population in South Africa voted. And ANC got 60 % of the votes. And Nelson Mandela was the new president of South Africa until 1999, where he chose to retire. As retired he has been trying hard to solve South Africa’s AIDS problem. 25 % of the population got HIV or AIDS, and the number is increasing. Influence in South Africa (and the rest of the world) Nelson Mandela was the most important person in the fight against apartheid in South Africa. It is hard to say, how South Africa would be today, if it wasn’t for Nelson Mandela. Maybe there would still be apartheid? Nelson Mandela is known all over the world, and he’s a symbol of struggle for freedom and justice. The Nobel Peace Prize: I 1993 Nelson Mandela and the white president of South Africa Frederic de Klerk received the Nobel Peace Prize. 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Effects Of Gambling Addiction On College Performance Essay

Gambling problems, alcohol use and their impact on college performance are ongoing issues in education. Furthermore, gambling can lead to addiction, which can be a major factor in poor performance or even be dropping out of college. Therefore, multiple studies examined the relationship between gambling addiction, alcohol use, and college performance. Particularly, most research on gambling has focused on the issues related to the problem or pathological gambling. A theory from various disciplines has been employed as a framework for examining pathological gambling. The participants were college students and adult learners who completed questionnaire forms, regarding the frequency of gambling and the most used assessment PG screening instruments. This study investigates the link between gambling behaviors and impulsivity. Introduction The data suggest that in the U.S. 6% of college students have a serious gambling issue that can produce psychological problems including debt, and failing grades. Studies also suggested that younger people gamble on non-casino games such as sports or card games. The researcher estimates that 4-8 % of college students fall under the category of a gambling problem, and 10-14 % are in danger of developing such a problem (Geisner, Lostutter, Cronce, Granato Larimer, 2015). Also, the finding suggests thatShow MoreRelatedEffects of Cyber Addiction1843 Words   |  8 PagesThe Effects of Cyber Addiction in Academic Performance Among Selected First Year Students of San Beda College – Alabang A Research Paper Presented to The Faculty of College of Arts and Sciences Major in Psychology Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Muntinlupa NBP Reservation, Poblacion, Muntinlupa City In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the subject PSY-312B-2 Psychological Research By: Bon, Lady Arriane E. 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Did the Election of 1828 Represent a Democratic Revolt of...

Did the Election of 1828 Represent a Democratic Revolt of the People? Despite the outcome I fully believe that the election of 1828 did in fact, create a democratic revolt of the people because of the social and political backlash that the election created. The election of Andrew Jackson as President in 1828 marked the beginning of an era known as Jacksonian Democracy or the Age of the Common Man. The changes in politics during Jacksons presidency provided various social and economic changes. Actually, political change began several years before Jackson became president. In the Election of 1824, Jackson had the most popular and electoral votes, but did not win the election. Because the vote was split four ways, he did not have the†¦show more content†¦Also, voters and politicians now nominated candidates, rather than the political party leaders in Congress. This and other events led to a more democratic society. Jackson also gave government jobs to regular people. This was called the spoils system. He appointed people to federal jobs depending on whether they had campaigned for the Democratic Party. Anyone currently in office who was not a democratic was replaced with a democrat. This was called the spoils system because it promoted a corrupt government. He also believed in rotation in office. He wanted to make it possible for more democrats to have government jobs, so he limited a persons time in office to one term. The spoils system showed how one man was no better than another and helped build a strong two-party system. In the two-party system, supporters of Jackson were Democrats and supporters of his rival, Henry Clay, were the Whigs. The Democratic Party resembled the old Republican party of Jefferson, while the Whigs represented the Federalist party of Hamilton. Jackson was similar to Jefferson because he opposed increasing federal spending and the national bank. He vetoed 12 bills, which was more than the total of all 6 presidents before him. One of the things he vetoed was the use of federal money to make the Maysville Road, because it was entirely in one state. ItShow MoreRelatedAmerica s Responsibility For Global Tensions With The United Soviet Socialist Republics6472 Words   |  26 Pagesbattle fatalities may be of note. So, conflicts not included in the C.O.W. Project will be documented and observed, such as the Las Cuevas War or the Korean Affair of 1871. Lastly, some separate conflicts within the C.O.W. will be combined, which represent a near-identical foreign policy. Particularly , all Native American conflicts will be combined and all wars in the Caribbean region following the Spanish-American War, which share the same purpose, will be referred to as the â€Å"Banana Wars†. HoweverRead MoreAmerica s Responsibility For Global Tensions With The United Soviet Socialist Republics6122 Words   |  25 Pagesbattle fatalities may be of note. So, conflicts not included in the C.O.W. Project will be documented and observed, such as the Las Cuevas War or the Korean Affair of 1871. Lastly, some separate conflicts within the C.O.W. will be combined which represent a near-identical foreign policy. Particularly, all Native American conflicts will be combined and all wars in the Caribbean region following the Spanish-American War, which share the same purpose, will be referred to as the â€Å"Banana Wars†. However

Feminism in the Late 20th Century Free Essays

string(53) " of identification with nature in the Western sense\." Chapter 4: A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, and Socialist- Feminism in the Late 20th Century* DONNA HARAWAY History of Consciousness Program, University of California, at Santa Cruz 1. AN IRONIC DREAM OF A COMMON LANGUAGE FOR WOMEN IN THE INTEGRATED CIRCUIT This chapter is an effort to build an ironic political myth faithful to feminism, socialism, and materialism. Perhaps more faithful as blasphemy is faithful, than as reverent worship and identification. We will write a custom essay sample on Feminism in the Late 20th Century or any similar topic only for you Order Now Blasphemy has always seemed to require taking things very seriously. I know no better stance to adopt from within the secular-religious, evangelical traditions of United States politics, including the politics of socialist-feminism. Blasphemy protects one from the moral majority within, while still insisting on the need for community. Blas- phemy is not apostasy. Irony is about contradictions that do not resolve into larger wholes, even dialectically, about the tension of holding incompatible things together because both or all are necessary and true. Irony is about hu- mor and serious play. It is also a rhetorical strategy and a political method, one I would like to see more honoured within socialist-feminism. At the center of my ironic faith, my blasphemy, is the image of the cyborg. A cyborg is a cybernetic organism, a hybrid of machine and organism, a creature of social reality as well as a creature of fiction. Social reality is lived social relations, our most important political construction, a world-changing fiction. The international women’s movements have constructed â€Å"women’s experience†, as well as uncovered or discovered this crucial collective ob- ject. This experience is a fiction and fact of the most crucial, political kind. Liberation rests on the construction of the consciousness, the imaginative ap- prehension, of oppression, and so of possibility. The cyborg is a matter of fiction and lived experience that changes what counts as women’s experience in the late 20th century. This is a struggle over life and death, but the boundary between science fiction and social reality is an optical illusion. Contemporary science fiction is full of cyborgs—creatures simultaneously animal and machine, who populate worlds ambiguously natural and crafted. Modern medicine is also full of cyborgs, of couplings between organism and machine, each conceived as coded devices, in an intimacy and with a power that was not generated in the history of sexuality. Cyborg â€Å"sex† restores some of the lovely replicative baroque of ferns and invertebrates (such nice * Originally published as Manifesto for cyborgs: science, technology, and socialist feminism in the 1980s. Socialist Review, no. 80 (1985): 65–108. Reprinted with permission of the author. 117 J. Weiss et al. eds. ), The International Handbook of Virtual Learning Environments, 117–158. o C 2006 Springer. Printed in the Netherlands. organic prophylactics against heterosexism). Cyborg replication is uncou- pled from organic reproduction. Modern production seems like a dream of cyborg colonization work, a dream that makes the nightmare of Taylorism seem idyllic. And modern war is a cyborg orgy, coded by C3I, command- control-communication-intelligence, an $84 billion item in 1984s US defence budget. I am making an argument for the cyborg as a fiction mapping our so- cial and bodily reality and as an imaginative resource suggesting some very fruitful couplings. Michael Foucault’s biopolitics is a flaccid pre-monition of cyborg politics, a very open field. By the late 20th century, our time, a mythic time, we are all chimeras, theorized, and fabricated hybrids of machine and organism; in short, we are cyborgs. This cyborg is our ontology; it gives us our politics. The cyborg is a condensed image of both imagination and material reality, the two joined cen- ters structuring any possibility of historical transformation. In the traditions of â€Å"Western† science and politics—the tradition of racist, male-dominant capitalism; the tradition of progress; the tradition of the appropriation of nature as resource for the productions of culture; the tradition of reproduction of the self from the reflections of the other— the relation between organism and machine has been a border war. The stakes in the border war have been the territories of production, reproduction, and imagination. This chapter is an argument for pleasure in the confusion of boundaries and for responsibility in their construction. It is also an effort to contribute to socialist-feminist culture and theory in a post-modernist, nonnaturalist mode and in the utopian tradi- tion of imagining a world without gender, which is perhaps a world without genesis, but maybe also a world without end. The cyborg incarnation is outside salvation history. Nor does it mark time on an oral symbiotic utopia or post- oedipal apocalypse. As Zoe Sofoulis argues in her unpublished manuscript on Jacques Lacan, Melanie Klein, and nuclear culture, Lacklein, the most terrible and perhaps the most promising monsters in cyborg worlds are embodied in non-oedipal narratives with a different logic of repression, which we need to understand for our survival. The cyborg is a creature in a post-gender world; it has no truck with bisexu- ality, preoedipal symbiosis, unalienated labor, or other seductions to organic wholeness through a final appropriation of all the powers of the parts into a higher unity. In a sense, the cyborg has no origin story in the Western sense—a â€Å"final† irony since the cyborg is also the awful apocalyptictelosof the â€Å"West’s† escalating dominations of abstract individuation, an ultimate self untied at last from all dependency, a man in space. An origin story in the â€Å"Western†, hu- manist sense depends on the myth of original unity, fullness, bliss, and terror, represented by the phallic mother from whom all humans must separate, the task of individual development and of history, the twin potent myths inscribed most powerfully for us in psychoanalysis and Marxism. Hilary Klein (1989) has argued that both Marxism and psychoanalysis, in their concepts of labor and of individuation and gender formation, depend on the plot of original 118 unity out of which difference must be produced and enlisted in a drama of escalating domination of woman/nature. The cyborg skips the step of original unity, of identification with nature in the Western sense. You read "Feminism in the Late 20th Century" in category "Essay examples" This is an illegitimate promise that might lead to subversion of its teleology as star wars. The cyborg is resolutely committed to partiality, irony, intimacy, and per- versity. It is oppositional, utopian, and completely without innocence. No longer structured by the polarity of public and private, the cyborg defines a technologicalpolisbased partly on a revolution of social relations in theoikos, the household. Nature and culture are reworked; the one can no longer be the resource for appropriation or incorporation by the other. The relationships for forming wholes from parts, including those of polarity and hierarchical dom- ination, are at issue in the cyborg world. Unlike the hopes of Frankenstein’s monster, the cyborg does not expect its father to save it through a restoration of the garden; that is, through the fabrication of a heterosexual mate, through its completion in a finished whole, a city and cosmos. The cyborg does not dream of community on the model of the organic family, this time without the oedipal project. The cyborg would not recognize the Garden of Eden; it is not made of mud and cannot dream of returning to dust. Perhaps that is why I want to see if cyborgs can subvert the apocalypse of returning to nuclear dust in the manic compulsion to name the Enemy. Cyborgs are not reverent; they do not remember the cosmos. They are wary of holism, but needy for connection—they seem to have a natural feel for united front politics, but without the vanguard party. The main trouble with cyborgs, of course, is that they are the illegitimate offspring of militarism and patriarchal capitalism, not to mention state socialism. But illegitimate offspring are often exceedingly unfaithful to their origins. Their fathers, after all, are inessential. I want to signal three crucial boundary breakdowns that make the following politicalfictional (political-scientific) analysis possible. By the late 20th cen- tury in United States scientific culture, the boundary between human and ani- mal is thoroughly breached. The last beachheads of uniqueness have been pol- luted if not turned into amusement parks—language, tool use, social behavior, mental events, nothing really convincingly settles the separation of human and animal. And many people no longer feel the need for such a separation; indeed, many branches of feminist culture affirm the pleasure of connection of human and other living creatures. Movements for animal rights are not irrational de- nials of human uniqueness; they are a clear-sighted recognition of connection across the discredited breach of nature and culture. Biology and evolutionary theory over the last two centuries have simultaneously produced modern or- ganisms as objects of knowledge and reduced the line between humans and animals to a faint trace re-etched in ideological struggle or professional dis- putes between life and social science. Within this framework, teaching modern Christian creationism should be fought as a form of child abuse. Biological-determinist ideology is only one position opened up in scien- tific culture for arguing the meanings of human animality. There is much 119 room for radical political people to contest the meanings of the breached boundary. 1 The cyborg appears in myth precisely where the boundary be- tween human and animal is transgressed. Far from signaling a walling off of people from other living beings, cyborgs signal disturbingly and plea- surably tight coupling. Bestiality has a new status in this cycle of marriage exchange. The second leaky distinction is between animal-human (organism) and machine. Precybernetic machines could be haunted; there was always the spectre of the ghost in the machine. This dualism structured the dialogue between materialism and idealism that was settled by a dialectical progeny, called spirit or history, according to taste. But basically machines were not self- moving, self-designing, autonomous. They could not achieve man’s dream, only mock it. They were not man, an author himself, but only a caricature of that masculinist reproductive dream. To think they were otherwise was paranoid. Now we are not so sure. Late 20th-century machines have made thoroughly ambiguous the difference between natural and artificial, mind and body, self-developing and externally designed, and many other distinctions that used to apply to organisms and machines. Our machines are disturbingly lively, and we ourselves frighteningly inert. Technological determination is only one ideological space opened up by the reconceptions of machine and organism as coded texts through which we engage in the play of writing and reading the world. â€Å"Textualization† of everything in post-structuralist, post-modernist theory has been damned by Marxists and socialist-feminists for its utopian disregard for the lived relations of domination that ground the â€Å"play† of arbitrary reading. 3 It is certainly true that post-modernist strategies, like my cyborg myth, subvert myriad organic wholes (for example, the poem, the primitive culture, the biol ogical organ- ism). In short, the certainty of what counts as nature— a source of insight and promise of innocence—is undermined, probably fatally. The transcendent authorization of interpretation is lost, and with it the ontology grounding â€Å"Western† epistemology. But the alternative is not cynicism or faithlessness, that is, some version of abstract existence, like the accounts of technologi- cal determinism destroying â€Å"man† by the â€Å"machine† or â€Å"meaningful political action† by the â€Å"text†. Who cyborgs will be is a radical question; the answers are a matter of survival. Both chimpanzees and artifacts have politics, so why shouldn’t we? (de Waal, 1982; Winner, 1980). The third distinction is a subset of the second: The boundary between physical and nonphysical is very imprecise for us. Pop physics books on the consequences of quantum theory and the indeterminacy principle are a kind of popular scientific equivalent to Harlequin romances as a marker of radical change in American white heterosexuality: They get it wrong, but they are on the right subject. Modern machines are quintessentially microelectronic devices: They are everywhere and they are invisible. Modern machinery is an irreverent upstart god, mocking the Father’s ubiquity and spirituality. The 120 silicon chip is a surface for writing; it is etched in molecular scales disturbed only by atomic noise, the ultimate interference for nuclear scores. Writing, power, and technology are old partners in Western stories of the origin of civilization, but miniaturization has changed our experience of mechanism. Miniaturization has turned out to be about power; small is not so much beau- tiful as pre-eminently dangerous, as in cruise missiles. Contrast the TV sets of the 1950s or the news cameras of the 1970s with the TV wrist bands or hand-sized video cameras now advertised. Our best machines are made of sunshine; they are all light and clean because they are nothing but sig- nals, electromagnetic waves, a section of a spectrum, and these machines are eminently portable, mobile—a matter of immense human pain in Detroit and Singapore. People are nowhere near so fluid, being both material and opaque. Cyborgs are ether, quintessence. The ubiquity and invisibility of cyborgs is precisely why these sunshine- belt machines are so deadly. They are as hard to see politically as materially. They are about consciousness— or its simulation. 4 They are floating signifiers moving in pickup trucks across Europe, blocked more effectively by the witch- weavings of the displaced and so unnatural Greenham women, who read the cyborg webs of power so very well, than by the militant labor of older mas- culinist politics, whose natural constituency needs defence jobs. Ultimately the â€Å"hardest† science is about the realm of greatest boundary confusion, the realm of pure number, pure spirit, C3I, cryptography, and the preservation of potent secrets. The new machines are so clean and light. Their engineers are sun-worshippers mediating a new scientific revolution associated with the night dream of post-industrial society. The diseases evoked by these clean machines are â€Å"no more† than the minuscule coding changes of an antigen in the immune system, â€Å"no more† than the experience of stress. The nimble fin- gers of â€Å"Oriental† women, the old fascination of little Anglo-Saxon Victorian girls with doll’s houses, women’s enforced attention to the small take on quite new dimensions in this world. There might be a cyborg Alice taking account of these new dimensions. Ironically, it might be the unnatural cyborg women making chips in Asia and spiral dancing in Santa Rita jail5 whose constructed unities will guide effective oppositional strategies. So my cyborg myth is about transgressed boundaries, potent fusions, and dangerous possibilities which progressive people might explore as one part of needed political work. One of my premises is that most American so- cialists and feminists see deepened dualisms of mind and body, animal and machine, idealism and materialism in the social practices, symbolic formula- tions, and physical artifacts associated with â€Å"high technology† and scientific culture. FromOne-Dimensional Man(Marcuse, 1964) toThe Death of Nature (Merchant, 1980), the analytic resources developed by progressives have in- sisted on the necessary domination of technics and recalled us to an imag- ined organic body to integrate our resistance. Another of my premises is that the need for unity of people trying to resist worldwide intensification of 121 domination has never been more acute. But a slightly perverse shift of per- spective might better enable us to contest for meanings, as well as for other forms of power and pleasure in technologically mediated societies. From one perspective, a cyborg world is about the final imposition of a grid of control on the planet, about the final abstraction embodied in a Star Wars apocalypse waged in the name of defence, about the final appropri- ation of women’s bodies in a masculinist orgy of war (Sofia, 1984). From another perspective, a cyborg world might be about lived social and bodily realities in which people are not afraid of their joint kinship with animals and machines, not afraid of permanently partial identities and contradictory stand- points. The political struggle is to see from both perspectives at once because each reveals both dominations and possibilities unimaginable from the other vantage point. Single vision produces worse illusions than double vision or many-headed monsters. Cyborg unities are monstrous and illegitimate; in our present political circumstances, we could hardly hope for more potent myths for resistance and recoupling. I like to imagine LAG, the Livermore Action Group, as a kind of cyborg society, dedicated to realistically converting the laboratories that most fiercely embody and spew out the tools of technological apocalypse, and committed to building a political form that actually manages to hold together witches, engineers, elders, perverts, Christians, mothers, and Leninists long enough to disarm the state. Fission Impossible is the name of the affinity group in my town. (Affinity: Related not by blood but by choice, the appeal of one chemical nuclear group for another, avidity. )6 2. FRACTURED IDENTITIES It has become difficult to name one’s feminism by a single adjective—or even to insist in every circumstance upon the noun. Consciousness of exclusion through naming is acute. Identities seem contradictory, partial, and strategic. With the hard-won recognition of their social and historical constitution, gen- der, race, and class cannot provide the basis for belief in â€Å"essential† unity. There is nothing about being â€Å"female† that naturally binds women. There is not even such a state as â€Å"being† female, itself a highly complex category constructed in contested sexual scientific discourses and other social prac- tices. Gender, race, or class-consciousness is an achievement forced on us by the terrible historical experience of the contradictory social realities of patriarchy, colonialism, and capitalism. And who counts as â€Å"us† in my own rhetoric? Which identities are available to ground such a potent political myth called â€Å"us†, and what could motivate enlistment in this collectivity? Painful fragmentation among feminists (not to mention among women) along every possible fault line has made the concept of woman elusive, an excuse for the matrix of women’s dominations of each other. For me—and for many who share a similar historical location in white, professional middle-class, female, 122 radical, North American, mid-adult bodies—the sources of a crisis in political identity are legion. The recent history for much of the US left and US femi- nism has been a response to this kind of crisis by endless splitting and searches for a new essential unity. But there has also been a growing recognition of another response through coalition—affinity, not identity. 7 Chela Sandoval (n. d. , 1984), from a consideration of specific historical mo- ments in the formation of the new political voice called women of color, has theorized a hopeful model of political identity called â€Å"oppositional conscious- ness†, born of the skills for reading webs of power by those refused stable membership in the social categories of race, sex, or class. Women of color†, a name contested at its origins by those whom it would incorporate, as well as a historical consciousness marking systematic breakdown of all the signs of Man in â€Å"Western† traditions, constructs a kind of post-modernist identity out of otherness, difference, and specificity. This post-modernist identity is fully political, whatever might be said abut other possible post-modernisms. Sandoval’s oppositional consciousness is about contradictory locations and heterochronic calendars, not about relativisms and pluralisms. Sandoval emphasizes the lack of any essential criterion for identifying who is a woman of color. She notes that the definition of a group has been by conscious appropriation of negation. For example, a Chicana or US black woman has not been able to speak as a woman or as a black person or as a Chicano. Thus, she was at the bottom of a cascade of negative identities, left out of even the privileged oppressed authorial categories called â€Å"women and blacks†, who claimed to make the important revolutions. The category â€Å"woman† negated all non-white women; â€Å"black† negated all non-black people, as well as all black women. But there was also no â€Å"she†, no singularity, but a sea of differences among US women who have affirmed their historical identity as US women of color. This identity marks out a self-consciously constructed space that cannot affirm the capacity to act on the basis of natural identification, but only on the basis of conscious coalition, of affinity, of political kinship. Unlike the â€Å"woman† of some streams of the white women’s movement in the United States, there is no naturalization of the matrix, or at least this is what Sandoval argues is uniquely available through the power of oppositional consciousness. Sandoval’s argument has to be seen as one potent formulation for feminists out of the worldwide development of anti-colonialist discourse; that is to say, discourse dissolving the â€Å"West† and its highest product—the one who is not animal, barbarian, or woman; man, that is, the author of a cosmos called history. As orientalism is deconstructed politically and semiotically, the identities of the occident destabilize, including those of feminists. 9 Sandoval argues that â€Å"women of colour† have a chance to build an effective unity that does not replicate the imperializing, totalizing revolutionary subjects of previous Marxisms and feminisms which had not faced the consequences of the disorderly polyphony emerging from decolonization. 123 Katie King has emphasized the limits of identification and the politi- cal/poetic mechanics of identification built into reading â€Å"the poem†, that generative core of cultural feminism. King criticizes the persistent tendency among contemporary feminists from different â€Å"moments† or â€Å"conversations† in feminist practice to taxonomize the women’s movement to make one’s own political tendencies appear to be the telos of the whole. These taxonomies tend to remake feminist history so that it appears to be an ideological strug- gle among coherent types persisting over time, especially those typical units called radical, liberal, and socialist-feminist. Literally, all other feminisms are either incorporated or marginalized, usually by building an explicit ontol- ogy and epistemology. 0 Taxonomies of feminism produce epistemologies to police deviation from official women’s experience. And of course, â€Å"women’s culture†, like women of color, is consciously created by mechanisms inducing affinity. The rituals of poetry, music, and certain forms of academic practice have been pre-eminent. The politics of race and cul ture in the US women’s movements are intimately interwoven. The common achievement of King and Sandoval is learning how to craft a poetic/political unity without relying on a logic of appropriation, incorporation, and taxonomic identification. The theoretical and practical struggle against unity-through-domination or unity-throughincorporation ironically not only undermines the justifications for patriarchy, colonialism, humanism, positivism, essentialism, scientism, and other unlamented -isms, but all claims for an organic or natural stand- point. I think that radical and socialist/Marxist-feminisms have also under- mined their/our own epistemological strategies and that this is a crucially valuable step in imagining possible unities. It remains to be seen whether all â€Å"epistemologies† as Western political people have known them fail us in the task to build effective affinities. It is important to note that the effort to construct revolutionary standpoints, epistemologies as achievements of people committed to changing the world, has been part of the process showing the limits of identification. The acid tools of post-modernist theory and the constructive tools of ontological discourse about revolutionary subjects might be seen as ironic allies in dissolving West- ern selves in the interests of survival. We are excruciatingly conscious of what it means to have a historically constituted body. But with the loss of innocence in our origin, there is no expulsion from the Garden either. Our politics lose the indulgence of guilt with the naivet ? e of innocence. But what would an- other political myth for socialist-feminism look like? What kind of politics could embrace partial, contradictory, permanently unclosed constructions of personal and collective selves and still be faithful, effective—and, ironically, socialist-feminist? I do not know of any other time in history when there was greater need for political unity to confront effectively the dominations of â€Å"race†, â€Å"gender†, â€Å"sexuality†, and â€Å"class†. I also do not know of any other time when the kind of unity we might help build could have been possible. None of â€Å"us† have 124 any longer the symbolic or material capability of dictating the shape of reality to any of â€Å"them†. Or at least â€Å"we† cannot claim innocence from practicing such dominations. White women, including socialist-feminists, discovered the non-innocence of the category â€Å"woman†. That consciousness changes the geography of all previous categories; it denatures them as heat denatures a fragile protein. Cyborg feminists have to argue that â€Å"we† do not want any more natural matrix of unity and that no construction is whole. Innocence, and the corollary insistence on victimhood as the only ground for nsight, has done enough damage. But the constructed revolutionary subject must give late 20th-century people pause as well. In the fraying of identities and in the reflexive strategies for constructing them, the possibility opens up for weaving something other than a shroud for the day after the apocalypse that so prophet ically ends salvation history. Both Marxist/socialist-feminisms and radical feminisms have simultane- ously naturalized and denatured the category â€Å"woman† and consciousness of the social lives of â€Å"women†. Perhaps a schematic caricature can highlight both kinds of moves. Marxian-socialism is rooted in an analysis of wage labor which reveals class structure. The consequence of the wage relationship is systematic alienation, as the worker is dissociated from his [sic] product. Ab- straction and illusion rule in knowledge, domination rules in practice. Labor is the pre-eminently privileged category enabling the Marxist to overcome illusion and find that point of view which is necessary for changing the world. Labor is the humanizing activity that makes man; labor is an ontological category permitting the knowledge of a subject, and so the knowledge of subjugation and alienation. In faithful filiation, socialist-feminism is advanced by allying itself with the basic analytic strategies of Marxism. The main achievement of both Marxist- feminists and socialist-feminists was to expand the category of labor to ac- commodate what (some) women did, even when the wage relation was subor- dinated to a more comprehensive view of labor under capitalist patriarchy. In particular, women’s labor in the household and women’s activity as mothers generally (that is, reproduction in the socialist-feminist sense), entered theory on the authority of analogy to the Marxian concept of labor. The unity of women here rests on an epistemology based on the ontological structure of â€Å"labor†. Marxist/socialist-feminism does not â€Å"naturalize† unity; it is a pos- sible achievement based on a possible standpoint rooted in social relations. The essentializing move is in the ontological structure of labor or of its ana- logue, women’s activity. 11 The inheritance of Marxian-humanism, with its pre-eminently Western self, is the difficulty for me. The contribution from these formulations has been the emphasis on the daily responsibility of real women o build unities, rather than to naturalize them. Catherine MacKinnon’s (1982, 1987) version of radical feminism is itself a caricature of the appropriating, incorporating, totalizing tendencies of Western theories of identity grounding action. 12 It is factually and politically wrong to 125 assimilate all of the diverse â€Å"moments† or â€Å"conversations† in recent women’s polit ics named radical feminism to MacKinnon’s version. But the teleological logic of her theory shows how an epistemology and ontology—including their negations—erase or police difference. Only one of the effects of MacKinnon’s theory is the rewriting of the history of the polymorphous field called radical feminism. The major effect is the production of a theory of experience, of women’s identity, that is a kind of apocalypse for all revolutionary standpoints. That is, the totalization built into this tale of radical feminism achieves its end—the unity of women—by enforcing the experience of and testimony to radical non-being. As for the Marxist/socialist-feminist, consciousness is an achievement, not a natural fact. And MacKinnon’s theory eliminates some of the difficulties built into humanist revolutionary subjects, but at the cost of radical reductionism. MacKinnon argues that feminism necessarily adopted a different analyti- cal strategy from Marxism, looking first not at the structure of class, but at the structure of sex/gender and its generative relationship, men’s constitution and appropriation of women sexually. Ironically, MacKinnon’s â€Å"ontology† constructs a non-subject, a non-being. Another’s desire, not the self’s labor, is the origin of â€Å"woman†. She therefore develops a theory of consciousness that enforces what can count as â€Å"women’s† experience—anything that names sexual violation, indeed, sex itself as far as â€Å"women† can be concerned. Fem- inist practice is the construction of this form of consciousness; that is, the self-knowledge of a self-who-is-not. Perversely, sexual appropriation in this feminism still has the epistemolog- ical status of labor; that is to say, the point from which an analysis able to contribute to changing the world must flow. But sexual objectification, not alienation, is the consequence of the structure of sex/ gender. In the realm of knowledge, the result of sexual objectification is illusion and abstraction. However, a woman is not simply alienated from her product, but in a deep sense does not exist as a subject, or even potential subject, since she owes her existence as a woman to sexual appropriation. To be constituted by another’s desire is not the same thing as to be alienated in the violent separation of the laborer from his product. MacKinnon’s radical theory of experience is totalizing in the extreme; it does not so much marginalize as obliterate the authority of any other women’s political speech and action. It is a totalization producing what West- ern patriarchy itself never succeeded in doing—feminists’ consciousness of the non-existence of women, except as products of men’s desire. I think MacKinnon correctly argues that no Marxian version of identity can firmly ground women’s unity. But in solving the problem of the contradictions of any Western revolutionary subject for feminist purposes, she develops an even more authoritarian doctrine of experience. If my complaint about social- ist/Marxian standpoints is their unintended erasure of polyvocal, unassimil- able, radical difference made visible in anti-colonial discourse and practice, 126 How to cite Feminism in the Late 20th Century, Essay examples